Introduction to Solid State Physics for Materials Engineers

Einführung in die Festkörperphysik für Studenten der Werkstofftechnik, Materialwissenschaften und verwandter technischer Fachrichtungen. Dieses zugängliche Lehrbuch ist ausreichend detailliert, ohne dabei zu theorielastig zu sein, und stellt die Verbindung zu heutigen Technologien her.

Inhalt:

Preface xi

Introduction xiii

1 General Impact of Translational Symmetry in Crystals on Solid State Physics 1

1.1 Crystal Symmetry in Real Space 3

1.2 Symmetry and Physical Properties in Crystals 9

1.3 Wave Propagation in Periodic Media and Construction of Reciprocal Lattice 13

1.A Symmetry Constraints on Rotation Axes 18

1.B Twinning in Crystals 20

2 Electron Waves in Crystals 23

2.1 Electron Behavior in a Periodic Potential and Energy Gap Formation 23

2.2 The Brillouin Zone 28

2.3 Band Structure 31

2.4 Graphene 35

2.5 Fermi Surface 40

2.A Cyclotron Resonance and Related Phenomena 43

3 Elastic Wave Propagation in Periodic Media, Phonons, and Thermal Properties of Crystals 51

3.1 Linear Chain of the Periodically Positioned Atoms 51

3.2 Phonons and Heat Capacity 56

3.3 Thermal Vibrations of Atoms in Crystals 59

3.4 Crystal Melting 60

3.5 X-ray and Neutron Interaction with Phonons 61

3.5.1 Debye-Waller Factor 65

3.6 Lattice Anharmonicity 67

3.7 Velocities of Bulk AcousticWaves 69

3.8 Surface AcousticWaves 72

3.A Bose's Derivation of the Planck Distribution Function 73

4 Electrical Conductivity in Metals 75

4.1 Classical Drude Theory 76

4.2 Quantum-Mechanical Approach 77

4.3 Phonon Contribution to Electrical Resistivity 80

4.4 Defects' Contributions to Metal Resistivity 82

4.A Derivation of the Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function 84

5 Electron Contribution to Thermal Properties of Crystals 87

5.1 Electronic Specific Heat 87

5.2 Electronic Heat Conductivity and theWiedemann-Franz Law 92

5.3 Thermoelectric Phenomena 94

5.4 Thermoelectric Materials 98

6 Electrical Conductivity in Semiconductors 105

6.1 Intrinsic (Undoped) Semiconductors 105

6.2 Extrinsic (Doped) Semiconductors 110

6.3 p-n Junction 111

6.4 Semiconductor Transistors 117

6.A Estimation of Exciton's Radius and Binding Energy 120

7 Work Function and Related Phenomena 123

7.1 Work Function of Metals 123

7.2 Photoelectric Effect 126

7.2.1 Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (APRES) 126

7.3 Thermionic Emission 128

7.4 Metal-Semiconductor Junction 131

7.A Image Charge Method 133

7.B A Free Electron Cannot Absorb a Photon 134

8 Light Interaction with Metals and Dielectrics 135

8.1 Skin Effect in Metals 137

8.2 Light Reflection from a Metal 138

8.3 Plasma Frequency 140

8.4 Introduction to Metamaterials 141

8.5 Structural Colors 148

8.A Acoustic Metamaterials 150

9 Light Interaction with Semiconductors 155

9.1 Solar Cells 155

9.1.1 The Grätzel Cell 159

9.1.2 Halide Perovskite Solar Cells 161

9.2 Solid State Radiation Detectors 162

9.2.1 Infrared Detectors 164

9.3 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) 167

9.4 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 168

9.5 Semiconductor Lasers 170

9.6 Photonic Materials 173

10 Cooperative Phenomena in Electron Systems: Superconductivity 177

10.1 Phonon-Mediated Cooper Pairing Mechanism 178

10.2 Direct Measurements of the Superconductor Energy Gap 182

10.3 Josephson Effect 184

10.4 Meissner Effect 185

10.5 SQUID 188

10.6 High-Temperature Superconductivity 189

10.A Fourier Transform of the Coulomb Potential 192

10.B The Josephson Effect Theory 193

10.C Derivation of the CriticalMagnetic Field in Type I Superconductors 195

11 Cooperative Phenomena in Electron Systems: Ferromagnetism 197

11.1 Paramagnetism and Ferromagnetism 198

11.2 The Ising Model 204

11.3 Magnetic Structures 205

11.4 Magnetic Domains 207

11.5 Magnetic Materials 210

11.6 Giant Magnetoresistance 211

11.A The Elementary Magnetic Moment of an Electron Produced by its Orbital Movement 214

11.B Pauli Paramagnetism 214

11.C Magnetic DomainWalls 216

12 Ferroelectricity as a Cooperative Phenomenon 219

12.1 The Theory of Ferroelectric Phase Transition 223

12.2 Ferroelectric Domains 227

12.3 The Piezoelectric Effect and Its Application in Ferroelectric Devices 230

12.4 Other Application Fields of Ferroelectrics 233

13 Other Examples of Cooperative Phenomena in Electron Systems 237

13.1 The Mott Metal-Insulator Transition 237

13.2 Classical and Quantum Hall Effects 241

13.3 Topological Insulators 247

13.A Electron Energies and Orbit Radii in the Simplified Bohr Model of a Hydrogen-like Atom 250

Further Reading 253

List of Prominent Scientists Mentioned in the Book 255

Index 265