Circular Steel Production - Pathways to Net-Zero Carbon Emissions

State-of-the-art, multidisciplinary guide delivering pathways to net-zero carbon emissions in steel production and circular resource flow through the Bio Steel Cycle

Circular Steel Production introduces the concept of the Bio Steel Cycle, exploring several innovative research directions in the field of carbon avoidance, utilization, and sequestration of carbon emissions in steel manufacturing. Carbon emission avoidance and reduction processes and projects are investigated in great detail within the workings of the Bio Steel Cycle model, covering technologies such as Geomimetic, GrInHy2.0, H2Future, HYBRIT, ULCOWIN, DAC, CEPS, COREX, MIDREX, TGRBF, HISARNA, Everest, ReclaMet, Athos, HDR/HDRI, and many others.

The circular flow of various resources as one of the key elements of the Bio Steel Cycle are explained in detail, with approximately 50 different methods summarized, along with skill sets required for effective implementation of these methods. Most of the green steel projects within the EU and beyond which are currently underway are also commented upon. The opportunities for green steel (by country) are discussed in some detail, as well as the nationally determined contributions, the effects of implemented policy and decarbonisation efforts.

Written by a team of experts with many years of industry experience, Circular Steel Production provides in-depth coverage of topics including:

• Raw materials including iron ore, coal, and lime, and blast furnace, oxygen furnace, and electric arc furnace operation and the level of CO2 emissions along the production pathway for each resource required for the steelmaking process
• Anaerobic digestion, sewage treatment, and geothermal units, CO2 avoidance, capture, and utilisation mechanisms, and renewable energy technology utilization
• Wind, solar, and hydro power, biogas, biomass, and hydrogen, and the opportunities of greater energy independence via sustainable steel production
• The future of green steel in various countries including the UK, the USA, Brazil, and India
• Ideal timeline of possible adoption of the Bio Steel Cycle model and strategy in the realms of politics, investments, and infrastructure

Circular Steel Production is an essential forward-thinking reference on the subject for professionals in the steel and manufacturing industries, academia, materials scientists, environmental chemists, engineers and engineering students, and metallurgists.

Authors' Biographies xv

Preface xvii

Acknowledgement xix

Nomenclature xxi

1 History of steelmaking 1

2 Steelmaking processes 15

3 Introduction to the Bio Steel Cycle 67

4 Key components of the Bio Steel Cycle 119

5 The CAT and reducing effects of the BiSC key components implementation 165

6 Greater energy independence with sustainable steel production 257

7 Technological challenges to and opportunities of the BiSC concept implementation 281

8 Macroeconomic and microeconomic challenges to implementation of the BiSC concept 309

9 Skills set required within the different components and sectors 359

10 The future of green steel 375

11 An idealised timeline of possibilities for steel decarbonisation 443

12 Concluding remarks and suggestions 449

References 462

Index 473